Lubricated nanoparticles penetrate the brain

Nanoparticles often meet a sticky end in the brain. In theory, the tiny structures could deliver therapeutic drugs to a brain tumour, but navigating the narrow, syrupy spaces between brain cells is difficult. A spot of lubrication could help.

Justin Hanes at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, was surprised to discover just how impermeable brain tissue is to nanoparticles. "It's very sticky stuff," he says, similar in adhesiveness to mucus, which protects parts of the body ? such as the respiratory system ? by trapping foreign particles.

It was thought that the adhesiveness of brain tissue limited the size of particles that can smoothly spread through the brain. Signalling molecules, nutrients and waste products below 64 nanometres in diameter can pass through the tissue with relative ease, but larger nanoparticles ? suitable for delivering a payload of drugs to a specific location in the brain ? quickly get stuck.

Now Hanes and his colleagues have doubled that size limit. They coated their nanoparticles with a densely-packed polymer shield, which lubricates their surface by preventing electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with the surrounding tissue. "A nice hydrated shell around the particle prevents it from adhering to cells," says Hanes.

Tracking the particles

Using this approach, they were able to observe the diffusion of nanoparticles 114 nanometres in diameter through live mouse brains and dissected human and rat brain tissue. Hanes believes the true upper size limit now lies somewhere between 114 nm and 200 nm. "Things were starting to slow down at 114," he says.

But further research is needed before the team can progress to clinical trials in humans. "At this scale, it is very important to understand where our nanoparticles go once injected into the body," says team member Elizabeth Nance, also of Johns Hopkins University. "We will need to show that, when combined with a therapeutic agent, these particles are getting to our site of interest, are having the intended effect and are not causing any side effects or toxicity to healthy normal tissue."

"The effect of this work should be long-term," says Paul Wilson at the University of Warwick in Coventry, UK. The result represents significant progress in the battle to administer drugs within the brain, he says. "More effective and longer-lasting treatments against brain diseases, such as tumours and strokes, will no doubt soon follow."

Journal reference: Science Translational Medicine, DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003594

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