Sunday, September 30, 2012

Grim milestone for US troop deaths in Afghanistan

In light of recent attacks, troops are told to "build trust, but make sure you have a bodyguard present." NBC's Richard Engel reports.

By NBC News staff and wire reports

Updated at 5:54 p.m. ET: An apparent insider attack by Afghan forces has killed a U.S. service member and a contractor, officials said Sunday ? bringing the total number of U.S. troops killed inside Afghanistan to 2,000 according to some measures.

A U.S. official confirmed the latest death in the 11-year-old conflict on Sunday.

The American service member killed was a soldier. The American contractor was working as a trainer for either the Afghan army or police, according to NBC News.


The attack happened Saturday at a checkpoint on a highway in Wardak Province, a defense official said.?Two Afghan National Army soldiers approached the checkpoint and had a brief conversation with the troops there. One of the ANA soldiers then shot and killed the American service members and the contractor, officials told NBC News.

With a suspected "insider" attack at a checkpoint. the US military has suffered its 2,000th death in the war in Afghanistan.? NBC's Atia Abawi and Mike Viqueira report.

A brief firefight ensued, and left at least three Afghan Army soldiers dead - including the initial shooter, officials said.

The Afghan military claimed the Americans were killed by a mortar attack, but the American military insisted that is not true, that the Afghan soldier opened fire and they returned fire.

The dead U.S. soldier was identified as?Sgt. 1st Class Riley G. Stephens, 39, of Tolar, Texas.?Stephens was assigned to the 1st Battalion, 3rd Special Forces Group (Airborne), based at Fort Bragg, N.C.

?

The U.S. toll in Afghanistan has climbed steadily in recent months with a spate of attacks by Afghan army and police against American and NATO troops, and questions about whether allied countries will achieve their aim of helping the Afghan government and its forces stand on their own after most foreign troops depart in little more than two years. The U.S. is preparing to withdraw most of its combat forces by the end of 2014.

The Associated Press reported Sunday that the latest death was the 2,000th member of the U.S. armed services killed inside Afghanistan since the U.S.-led invasion on Oct. 7, 2001. ?However, that AP figure did not include those who died after sustaining?injuries in Afghanistan or those killed in other countries as part of the same campaign against al-Qaida and the Taliban.

TODAY's Lester Holt heads down the road to Sangasar, the physical and spiritual heart of the Taliban. He speaks with American and Afghan soldiers along the way.

According to icasualties.org, an independent monitoring organization which uses the wider definition, the latest death brings the toll of U.S. service members to 2035.?At least a further 1,190 coalition troops have also died in the Afghanistan war, it says.

The Brookings Institution, a?Washington-based research center, said?40.2 percent of the deaths were caused by improvised explosive devices, with the majority of those after 2009 when President Barack Obama ordered a surge of 33,000 troops to combat heightened Taliban activity. According to the Washington-based research center, the second highest cause, 30.6 percent, was hostile fire.

Tracking civilian deaths is much more difficult. According to the U.N., 13,431 civilians were killed in the Afghan conflict between 2007, when the U.N. began keeping statistics, and the end of August. Going back to the U.S.-led invasion in 2001, most estimates put the number of Afghan deaths in the war at more than 20,000.

The 2001 invasion targeted al-Qaida and its Taliban allies after the Sept. 11 attacks, which claimed nearly 3,000 lives in the United States.

"The tally is modest by the standards of war historically, but every fatality is a tragedy and 11 years is too long," Michael O'Hanlon, a fellow at the Brookings, told the AP. "All that is internalized, however, in an American public that has been watching this campaign for a long time. More newsworthy right now are the insider attacks and the sense of hopelessness they convey to many. "

Attacks by Afghan soldiers or police ? or insurgents disguised in their uniforms ? have killed 52 American and other NATO troops so far this year.

The so-called insider attacks are considered one of the most serious threats to the U.S. exit strategy from the country. In its latest incarnation, that strategy has focused on training Afghan forces to take over security nationwide ? allowing most foreign troops to go home by the end of 2014.

As American troops draw out of Afghanistan, officials say the removal plan is on track but that time is precious and the Taliban threat is worrisome. NBC's Lester Holt reports.

Although Obama has pledged that most U.S. combat troops will leave by the end of 2014, American, NATO and allied troops are still dying in Afghanistan at a rate of one a day.

Even with 33,000 American troops back home, the U.S.-led coalition will still have 108,000 troops ? including 68,000 from the U.S. ? fighting in Afghanistan at the end of this year. Many of those will be training the Afghan National Security Forces that are to replace them.

"There is a challenge for the administration," O'Hanlon said, "to remind people in the face of such bad news why this campaign requires more perseverance."

The Associated Press and?NBC News' Courtney Kube and Atia Abawi, in Kabul, contributed to this report.

More world stories from NBC News:

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Source: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/30/14156823-afghan-insider-attack-marks-grim-milestone-for-us-troop-deaths?lite

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Judge Lucy Koh To Review Galaxy Tab 10.1 Injunction

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11-year-old wins $20,000 at AT&T hackathon for creating app that discourages texting while driving

11-year-old wins $20,000 at AT&T hackathon for creating app that discourages texting while driving

AT&T's already working on an app to keep folks from texting while driving, but earlier this month it gave folks at a Los Angeles hackathon the chance to develop their own solution. 11-year-old Victoria Walker and David Grau, a creative director and designer at an interactive agency, were awarded $20,000 by Big Blue to bring their smartphone application to the public. Dubbed Rode Dog, the prize-winning software allows friends and family to organize themselves into "packs" and monitor their text messaging habits. Watchful users can spot when a fellow group member is texting and initiate a barking noise on the offender's phone. Much like squawking seat belt systems, the app is designed to remind drivers of their wrongdoing and doesn't stop the ruckus until they acknowledge it. If you'd rather have a chicken or other animal grab your attention, the duo crafted an in-app shop that offers other wildlife sound sound effects. Rode Dog isn't expected to hit iOS, Android and Windows Phone until its fully polished, but you can sign up to receive word of its launch at the second source link below.

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Sunday, September 23, 2012

Romney runs campaign like the CEO he was

Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney walks with former Secretary of State George Shultz after Romney arrived in San Francisco, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

Republican presidential candidate and former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney walks with former Secretary of State George Shultz after Romney arrived in San Francisco, Friday, Sept. 21, 2012. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)

(AP) ? Republican nominee Mitt Romney seems to be pulling double duty these days ? as both the candidate and the campaign CEO.

He reviews TV ads and polling data on an iPad. He writes many of his own speeches. And he habitually talks like a consultant.

Some Republicans say that's a key problem with Romney's campaign: He is trying to do too much. These critics argue that Romney's job is to inspire voters, not manage every detail of his campaign.

Romney's leadership style has been honed over decades in the private sector, where he was a CEO. How he runs his campaign hints at how he might preside as president and balance two sets of duties: the ceremonial, symbolic and inspirational with the nitty-gritty of running the country.

Associated Press

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Friday, September 21, 2012

Climate scientists put predictions to the test

Thursday, September 20, 2012

Climate-prediction models show skills in forecasting climate trends over time spans of greater than 30 years and at the geographical scale of continents, but they deteriorate when applied to shorter time frames and smaller geographical regions, a new study has found.

Published in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, the study is one of the first to systematically address a longstanding, fundamental question asked not only by climate scientists and weather forecasters, but the public as well: How good are Earth system models at predicting the surface air temperature trend at different geographical and time scales?

Xubin Zeng, a professor in the University of Arizona department of atmospheric sciences who leads a research group evaluating and developing climate models, said the goal of the study was to bridge the communities of climate scientists and weather forecasters, who sometimes disagree with respect to climate change.

According to Zeng, who directs the UA Climate Dynamics and Hydrometeorology Center, the weather forecasting community has demonstrated skill and progress in predicting the weather up to about two weeks into the future, whereas the track record has remained less clear in the climate science community tasked with identifying long-term trends for the global climate.

"Without such a track record, how can the community trust the climate projections we make for the future?" said Zeng, who serves on the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Academies and the Executive Committee of the American Meteorological Society. "Our results show that actually both sides' arguments are valid to a certain degree."

"Climate scientists are correct because we do show that on the continental scale, and for time scales of three decades or more, climate models indeed show predictive skills. But when it comes to predicting the climate for a certain area over the next 10 or 20 years, our models can't do it."

To test how accurately various computer-based climate prediction models can turn data into predictions, Zeng's group used the "hindcast" approach.

"Ideally, you would use the models to make predictions now, and then come back in say, 40 years and see how the predictions compare to the actual climate at that time," said Zeng. "But obviously we can't wait that long. Policymakers need information to make decisions now, which in turn will affect the climate 40 years from now."

Zeng's group evaluated seven computer simulation models used to compile the reports that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, issues every six years. The researchers fed them historical climate records and compared their results to the actual climate change observed between then and now.

"We wanted to know at what scales are the climate models the IPCC uses reliable," said Koichi Sakaguchi, a doctoral student in Zeng's group who led the study. "These models considered the interactions between the Earth's surface and atmosphere in both hemispheres, across all continents and oceans and how they are coupled."

Zeng said the study should help the community establish a track record whose accuracy in predicting future climate trends can be assessed as more comprehensive climate data become available.

"Our goal was to provide climate modeling centers across the world with a baseline they can use every year as they go forward," Zeng added. "It is important to keep in mind that we talk about climate hindcast starting from 1880. Today, we have much more observational data. If you start your prediction from today for the next 30 years, you might have a higher prediction skill, even though that hasn't been proven yet."

The skill of a climate model depends on three criteria at a minimum, Zeng explained. The model has to use reliable data, its prediction must be better than a prediction based on chance, and its prediction must be closer to reality than a prediction that only considers the internal climate variability of the Earth system and ignores processes such as variations in solar activity, volcanic eruptions, greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel burning and land-use change, for example urbanization and deforestation.

"If a model doesn't meet those three criteria, it can still predict something but it cannot claim to have skill," Zeng said.

According to Zeng, global temperatures have increased in the past century by about 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit or 0.8 degrees Celsius on average. Barring any efforts to curb global warming from greenhouse gas emissions, the temperatures could further increase by about 4.5 degrees Fahrenheit (2.5 degrees Celsius) or more by the end of the 21st century based on these climate models.

"The scientific community is pushing policymakers to avoid the increase of temperatures by more than 2 degrees Celsius because we feel that once this threshold is crossed, global warming could be damaging to many regions," he said.

Zeng said that climate models represent the current understanding of the factors influencing climate, and then translate those factors into computer code and integrate their interactions into the future.

"The models include most of the things we know," he explained, "such as wind, solar radiation, turbulence mixing in the atmosphere, clouds, precipitation and aerosols, which are tiny particles suspended in the air, surface moisture and ocean currents."

Zeng described how the group did the analysis: "With any given model, we evaluated climate predictions from 1900 into the future ? 10 years, 20 years, 30 years, 40 years, 50 years. Then we did the same starting in 1901, then 1902 and so forth, and applied statistics to the results."

Climate models divide the Earth into grid boxes whose size determines its spatial resolution. According to Zeng, state of the art is about one degree, equaling about 60 miles (100 kilometers).

"There has to be a simplification because if you look outside the window, you realize you don't typically have a cloud cover that measures 60 miles by 60 miles. The models cannot reflect that kind of resolution. That's why we have all those uncertainties in climate prediction."

"Our analysis confirmed what we expected from last IPCC report in 2007," said Sakaguchi. "Those climate models are believed to be of good skill on large scales, for example predicting temperature trends over several decades, and we confirmed that by showing that the models work well for time spans longer than 30 years and across geographical scales spanning 30 degrees or more."

The scientists pointed out that although the IPCC issues a new report every six years, they didn't see much change with regard to the prediction skill of the different models.

"The IPCC process is driven by international agreements and politics," Zeng said. "But in science, we are not expected to make major progress in just six years. We have made a lot of progress in understanding certain processes, for example airborne dust and other small particles emitted from surface, either through human activity or through natural sources into the air. But climate and the Earth system still are extremely complex. Better understanding doesn't necessarily translate into better skill in a short time."

"Once you go into details, you realize that for some decades, models are doing a much better job than for some other decades. That is because our models are only as good as our understanding of the natural processes, and there is a lot we don't understand."

Michael Brunke, a graduate student in Zeng's group who focused on ocean-atmosphere interactions, co-authored the study, which is titled "The Hindcast Skill of the CMIP Ensembles for the Surface Air Temperature Trend."

###

University of Arizona: http://uanews.org

Thanks to University of Arizona for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/123678/Climate_scientists_put_predictions_to_the_test

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Man Cleared of Attacking US Embassy in Belgrade :: Balkan Insight

The court jailed Milan Zivanovic, 24, on Thursday for one year after finding him guilty of stealing a leather jacket and gloves, which belonged to an embassy employee.

But the court cleared Zivanovic of setting fire to the US embassy in Belgrade, which occured during riots that followed Kosovo 2008 declaration of independence.

Judge Milan Londrovic said that there was no evidence that Zivanovic, acting alone or in a group, was responsible.

Zivanovic, who is a student, was instead found guilty of coming to the embassy after the rally together with several unidentified individuals and stealing a leather jacket and gloves that belonged Branislav Lukic, who worked at the embassy.

In deciding the sentence, the court took into account thatthe defendant had no prior convictions and that his judgment was compromised at the time.

Zivanovic was convicted of aggravated theft, the punishment for which is between one and eight years in prison.

Zivanovic and the Belgrade District Prosecutor's Office have the right to appeal.

The embassy was set on fire on February 21, 2008, following Kosovo's declaration of independence, when unidentified perpetrators threw stones, flares and other objects at the building, smashing doors and windows and causing a fire. Zoran Vujovic, aged 20 from Novi Sad, died in the blaze.

In mid-April, the Higher Court in Belgrade launched an investigation and placed 11 suspects in detention.

The High Court in Novi Sad also launched an investigation and detained two suspects who were minors when the incident took place.

In July, the Higher Prosecutor's Office indicted 12 people for setting the embassy on fire. The trials of the other 11 suspects are ongoing.

Source: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/man-cleared-of-charges-in-2008-us-embassy-attack

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Moving targets: Biologists gain new insight into migrating cells

ScienceDaily (Sep. 20, 2012) ? At any given moment, millions of cells are on the move in the human body, typically on their way to aid in immune response, make repairs, or provide some other benefit to the structures around them. When the migration process goes wrong, however, the results can include tumor formation and metastatic cancer. Little has been known about how cell migration actually works, but now, with the help of some tiny worms, researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) have gained new insight into this highly complex task.

The team's findings are outlined this week online in the early edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).

"In terms of cancer, we know how to find primary tumors and we know when they're metastatic, but we're missing information on the period in between when cells are crawling around, hanging out, and doing who knows what that leads to both of these types of diseases," says Paul Sternberg, Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology at Caltech, and corresponding author of the paper.

To learn more about those crawling, or migrating, cells, Sternberg looked at the animal he knows best -- the tiny Caenorhabditis elegans, a common species of roundworm that he has been studying for many years. Despite their small size, the worms actually share quite a few genes with humans.

"Migration is such a conserved process," says Mihoko Kato, a senior research fellow in biology at Caltech and a coauthor of the paper. "So whether it happens in C. elegans or in mammals, like humans, we think that many of the same genes are going to be involved."

Contained in each cell -- be it human or worm -- are thousands of genes, all of which have a special job, or jobs, to do. Of these genes, roughly one-third are active in a given cell. To see what genes are expressed during migration, Sternberg and Kato, along with Erich Schwarz, a research fellow in Sternberg's lab, studied a single cell, called the linker cell (LC), in the worms; during reproductive development, LCs travel almost the entire length of the worm's body.

Using high-powered microscopy, the team identified LCs at two intervals, 12 hours apart, during the worm's larval stage, and removed them from the animals. Then, using sequencing and computational analysis, they determined the genes that were actively expressed at these two migration time points. This method of study is called transcriptional profiling.

"By understanding the normal migration of a single cell, we can understand something about how the cells are programmed to navigate their environment," says Sternberg, who is also an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "Our view of cancer metastasis is that the tumor cells confront some obstacle and then they have to evolve to get through or around that obstacle. The way they probably do that is by using some aspect of the normal program that exists somewhere in the genome."

He says that learning more about different ways that cells migrate may lead to the development of new types of drugs that block this process by targeting specific genes. The team plans additional transcriptional profiling studies to obtain more detailed information about the functions of particular C. elegans genes involved in migration -- and, eventually, of similar genes in higher organisms, including humans.

"We selected genes present in both worms and humans, but which have not been studied much before us," says Schwarz. "Since we found that some of these genes help worm LCs migrate, we think each one may have a related human gene helping cells migrate, too."

"The nice thing about this technology is that you can use it with any cell type," adds Kato, who points out that their studies have already helped identify new functions for known genes possessed by both the worms and humans. "It's a similar process to do transcriptome profiling using human cells."

In addition to identifying drug targets, the team is also hoping to find a good signature, or molecular marker, for migrating cells. "This kind of information could be very useful diagnostically, to help identify cells that are doing things that they shouldn't be doing, or weird combinations of genes that shouldn't be expressed together, which is what a tumor cell might have," says Sternberg. "This work lays the foundation for really understanding what information is critically needed from mammalian cells for tumor cells to be able to migrate."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by California Institute of Technology. The original article was written by Katie Neith.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. E. M. Schwarz, M. Kato, P. W. Sternberg. Functional transcriptomics of a migrating cell in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2012; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203045109

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/top_science/~3/0Y-2pbLyM7s/120920153315.htm

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Thursday, September 20, 2012

Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt ...

Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, with Special Reference to Innervation : Cell Biology - BioStor

ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 5: 337-346 (1988) 1988 Zoological Society of Japan Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, with Special Reference to Innervation MlTSUMASA OKAMOTO Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464, Japan ABSTRACT ? The localization and structure of the iridial muscles and associated nerves of the newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) were examined by electron microscopy with some histochemical studies of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase. The sphincter muscle, which was composed of pigmented smooth muscle cells, was located circumferentially in the pupillary margin of the iris. Sphincter muscle cells formed occasional close contacts with each other by protruding cellular processes. Numerous gap junctions and desmosomes were observed between anterior and posterior pigment epithelium of the iris, but not between muscle cells. Nerve endings formed varicosities and were composed of agranular vesicles and/or granular vesicles. There was no dilator muscle in this species. Prominent circumferential catecholamine fluorescence was observed in the pupillary margin. Acetyl- cholinesterase positive and negative muscle cells and nerve fibers were found within the sphincter muscle region. INTRODUCTION The iris sphincter and dilator muscles, known to be the iris muscle in the mammalian eye, change the size of the pupil and regulate the quantity of light. Studies on the iris muscles have been a fascinating subject from the standpoint of develop- ment and differentiation of the muscle, because these muscles are unique in that the sphincter muscle is the only vertebrate smooth muscle known to be derived from neuroectoderm [1-4] and the dilator muscle has myoepithelial charac- ters [1, 5-6]. They are innervated by an autonomic nervous system [7-10], which is advantageous, in that we can easily detect the action of nerves through miosis and mydriasis of the eye. In addition to morpholgical studies on the iris muscle [1-6, 11-13], numerous pharmacological and elec- trophysiological reports have been made on this nervous system using various kinds of animals [14- 20]. Studies on the fine structure of the iris muscle besides mammals have also been reported [21-24], Accepted September 24, 1987 Received August 7, 1987 but only a few works have been undertaken on amphibian species [25-27]. On the other hand, it has been well known that the newt has a capacity for regeneration from the mid-dorsal margin of the iris after having extir- pated an intrinsic lens. Numerous investigations at the light and electron microscopic level have been made on the process of lens regeneration (for review, see [28]). However, the iris muscle in the newt has so far received almost no attention in terms of the study of lens regeneration, although the sphincter muscle at the pupillary margin would appear to be closely relevant to lens regeneration. There have been no reports on the fine structure of the iris muscle of the Japanese common newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster and no histochemical works on amphibian iridial muscles and nerves. Thus, in the present study, detailed investigations on the fine structure of the iris muscle and some histo- chemical studies on the iridial muscles and associ- ated nerves were made in the adult Cynops pyrrhogaster. In addition, the present study also seeks to obtain basic information on the iris muscle, which presumably has some relevance to lens regeneration.

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Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, with Special Reference to Innervation : Cell Biology - BioStor

ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE 5: 337-346 (1988) 1988 Zoological Society of Japan Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, with Special Reference to Innervation MlTSUMASA OKAMOTO Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464, Japan ABSTRACT ? The localization and structure of the iridial muscles and associated nerves of the newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster) were examined by electron microscopy with some histochemical studies of catecholamine and acetylcholinesterase. The sphincter muscle, which was composed of pigmented smooth muscle cells, was located circumferentially in the pupillary margin of the iris. Sphincter muscle cells formed occasional close contacts with each other by protruding cellular processes. Numerous gap junctions and desmosomes were observed between anterior and posterior pigment epithelium of the iris, but not between muscle cells. Nerve endings formed varicosities and were composed of agranular vesicles and/or granular vesicles. There was no dilator muscle in this species. Prominent circumferential catecholamine fluorescence was observed in the pupillary margin. Acetyl- cholinesterase positive and negative muscle cells and nerve fibers were found within the sphincter muscle region. INTRODUCTION The iris sphincter and dilator muscles, known to be the iris muscle in the mammalian eye, change the size of the pupil and regulate the quantity of light. Studies on the iris muscles have been a fascinating subject from the standpoint of develop- ment and differentiation of the muscle, because these muscles are unique in that the sphincter muscle is the only vertebrate smooth muscle known to be derived from neuroectoderm [1-4] and the dilator muscle has myoepithelial charac- ters [1, 5-6]. They are innervated by an autonomic nervous system [7-10], which is advantageous, in that we can easily detect the action of nerves through miosis and mydriasis of the eye. In addition to morpholgical studies on the iris muscle [1-6, 11-13], numerous pharmacological and elec- trophysiological reports have been made on this nervous system using various kinds of animals [14- 20]. Studies on the fine structure of the iris muscle besides mammals have also been reported [21-24], Accepted September 24, 1987 Received August 7, 1987 but only a few works have been undertaken on amphibian species [25-27]. On the other hand, it has been well known that the newt has a capacity for regeneration from the mid-dorsal margin of the iris after having extir- pated an intrinsic lens. Numerous investigations at the light and electron microscopic level have been made on the process of lens regeneration (for review, see [28]). However, the iris muscle in the newt has so far received almost no attention in terms of the study of lens regeneration, although the sphincter muscle at the pupillary margin would appear to be closely relevant to lens regeneration. There have been no reports on the fine structure of the iris muscle of the Japanese common newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster and no histochemical works on amphibian iridial muscles and nerves. Thus, in the present study, detailed investigations on the fine structure of the iris muscle and some histo- chemical studies on the iridial muscles and associ- ated nerves were made in the adult Cynops pyrrhogaster. In addition, the present study also seeks to obtain basic information on the iris muscle, which presumably has some relevance to lens regeneration.

Fine Structure of the Iris Muscle in the Japanese Common Newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster, with Special Reference to Innervation : Cell Biology

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